No Child Left Behind is the Way to Get Ahead Essay -- Education Politi

No Child Left Behind is the Way to Get Ahead There are many students in America today that are struggling to make the grade. These students have not been given all opportunities and chances that they should have been given to be able to reach a higher level of education. Now children have a way to be able to get to the academic level that they rightfully deserve. President George W. Bush has created a plan for the future and a way to get all of our countries students to thrive in the education system and in life. With this initiative, America will be able to close the achievement gap between the Caucasian higher income students, and the lower income minority students. No Child Left Behind is the only way that lower income minority students will be able to succeed, and get the well deserved attention that they need in the form of assessment tests, and higher quality teachers. In 2001, President George W. Bush proposed a plan to close the gap between students in the United States education system. The act was then redefined and passed in 2002, and was fully put into effect. President Bush knew that the education system in this country was in trouble and faced the problems head on, addressing them and proposing solutions in this act. To make sure that students would raise the bar, a system of assessment tests were put into order, and will create a monitoring system with the students progress (Fact Sheet). Students will now have a record of test scores in mathematics and in reading. These scores will ensure that the students will make progress. The scores will also be accessible to parents so that they can check students progress (Fact Sheet). With these scores which the parents will be able to check, they can ... ...ference. The merit of teachers needs to increase, done. There is a need for more funds for educational programs, no problem. The knowledge of the minority students in the public school system needs to be elevated, it’s met. With this act all of the academic problems that American students face will be eliminated in the course of time. No child will have the fear that they will not meet the standards of our nation, or that they will fall behind any other student. America needs help, and America needs the No Child Left behind Act for the future of our country. Works Cited Delisio, Ellen R. â€Å"No Child Left Behind: What it Means to You.† Education World 2002. . â€Å"Fact Sheet: No Child Left Behind Act.† Whitehouse.gov January 2002. . â€Å"Reaching Out†¦ Raising Achievement.† Ed.gov 2004. .

Strategy Formulation

Yeo’s compete directly with one another at what is called the business level of strategic management. Competitors may be individual business units of a larger corporation or they may be stand- alone businesses. Because competition takes place at the business level, strategic management here is crucial to the overall success for Yeo’s . Accordingly, the concept of competitive advantage is both the focus of the three subsequent on strategy formulation. There is three parts that reflect the three major considerations in formulating a business- level strategy.The first part is to discuss alternative competitive advantages (Overall cost leadership, differentiation and focus group) and the strength and limitation of each. Yeo’s company has competitive advantage whenever it can attract customers and defend against competitive force better than its rivals. Successful competitive strategies usually involve building uniquely strong or distinctive edge over rivals. Some exa mple of distinctive competencies are superior technology and product features, better manufacturing technology and skills, superior sales and distribution capabilities and better customer service and convenience.Competitive strategy is about being different. It means deliberately choosing to perform activities differently or to perform different activities than rivals to deliver an unique mix of value. (Michael E. Porter). The essence of strategy lies in creating tomorrow competitive advantages faster than competitor mimic the one you possess today. (Gary Hamel & C. K. Prahalad). Overall cost leadership strategy The classic cost leadership strategy involves offering a no-frills product aimed at the most typical customer in a large target market.Anything to do with cost which related to money example raw material is cheap, workers salary is low facilities that Yeo’s can bite with the competitor. Because cost can usually be lowered as a product become more standardized, low-cos t manufacturing strive for long production runs and low- cost uniform packages. By targeting broadly defined markets with standard products, production technique can be used to create the greatest possible benefits from economies of scale and experience curve effect. Such as price sensitive customer do not mind about the price but customer care about the taste and uality like Maggie and Kraft. In this case Yeo’s should apply leadership strategy low- cost producers are protected from customer pressure to lower prices. Competitors cannot consistently price below what is known as their survival price, that which allow profit margins just adequate to maintain a business. The low- cost leader has a lower survival price than other competitor does, so customer will not be able to play one competing supplier against another to force prices below a level at which the cost leader can still make profit.Yeo’s would force less efficient suppliers out business, leaving the low-cost supplier with a monopoly. New entrants competing on the basic of price must face the low-cost leader without having the experience necessary to become efficient. Yeo’s company cumulative volume of production increase and the company gains experience in providing a particular good or service, production costs tend to decrease the experience curve effect. To the extent that experience affects costs in a particular industry, the low-cost leader is likely to have already moved far down its experience curve.New entrants lacking this experience will not enjoy a comparable cost reduction benefit and may be forced to enter market using some of the competitive advantages not related to low pricing. Holding the low-cost position may convince rivals not to enter a price war. Price wars can be ruinous to all competitor involved. Customer do not mind of the price whether is cheap or expensive, they only care about good quality and good taste which they trust on Yeo’s product. Diffe rentiation Differentiation strategies can help the company to differentiation their products offering by customizing product to suit consumer specific requirements.Appealing to broad cross- section of the market through offering differentiating features that make customer willing to pay premium price. Example quality, prestige, special features, service and convenience. Success with this type of strategy requires differentiation features that are hard or expensive for competitor to duplicate. Sustainable differentiation usually comes from advantages in core competencies, unique company resources or capabilities and superior management of value chain activities. Some condition that tend to favor differentiation strategies by Yeo’s company: * There are multiple ways to differentiate the product and ervice that buyers think have substantial value. * Buyers have different need or uses of the product and service * Product innovations and technological change are rapid and competit ion emphases the latest product features. Corporate Level Strategy In this aspect of strategy, we are concerned with broad decision about the total organization scope and direction. Basically, we consider what changes should be made in growth objective and strategy for achieving it, the lines of business we are in, and how these lines of business fit together.It is useful to think of three components of corporate strategy a) growth strategy b) portfolio strategy and c) parenting strategy. Growth strategy All growth strategies can be classified into one of two fundamental categories: concentration within existing industries or diversification into other line of business. When Yeo’s company current industries are attractive, have a good growth potential and do not face with serious threats, concentrating resources in the existing industries make good sense.Diversification tends to have a greater risk but is an appropriate option when a company current industries have little gro wth potential or are unattractive in other way. When an industry consolidates and becomes mature, unless there are other markets to seek, a company may have no choice for growth but diversification. Portfolio Analysis The experience curve is based on the concept that costs are a direct function of accumulated market share. Market share equates to profitability and cash flow.Market share equates to profitability and cash flow. Yeo’s company that successful in sub business unit and product lines will generate large cash flow as the sub business or products move toward maturity as contrasted to large cash requirement of sub business units and product lines in Yeo’s growth and development stages. As sub business units and products lines decline, cash flow will diminish and fade away. Effective utilization of cash flows and the nurturing of the most productive units requires management constant surveillance.The diversified company with multiple product lines has the opportu nity to balance cash flows and channel investment into the most promising areas of its portfolio. Diversified portfolio enables a company to control its internal allocation of resources. The ability to utilize tax losses from one units as an offset against a profitable one is an important advantages. Investing funds from a profitable maturing unit and product into the growing and cash- demanding part of Yeo’s, which show a tax loss, effectively lower the cost of the capital and provides an avenue for future growth through internally generated funds.The basis for portfolio analysis and the channeling of available investment funds into the most promising and productive units of the firms is based on the structure and philosophy of management. Its approach to control sub business unit and product lines, its attitude toward risk and growth and its interpretation of its life- cycle position are factors which have an impact on the effective use of portfolio management.Yeo’s which structure its diversified units into separate independent profit center entities with each area depending on its own resource may factors out the flexibility and advantages inherent in its diversification. Concentration on short-run profit and ignoring the potential growth sectors of the portfolio because of the initial lack of cash flow and profitability can lead to cash-draining in the defensive stage of the company Yeo’s life cycle and eventual movement into the decline. International strategy Mergers The threat of takeover was management of companies targeted for acquisition.The threat of takeover was more likely for companies which had low price and earnings ratios. The relatively low prices of the stock of Yeo’s company in relation to earning was attractive to aggressive expanding enterprises, particular the conglomerates. These predicated Yeo’s growth mainly on effecting financial synergy by trading the stock, which had high multiple of price to ear nings, for the stock of Yeo’s company with significantly lower price. Many effective strategies were developed by vulnerable companies to prevent unwanted takeover.Compatible mergers in such instances may provide an increase in the economies of scale and an increase in market share for the combined unit without the fear of cutthroat competition. The nature of the industry is an important factor determining the likelihood of acquisition and mergers. The mature industries which are generally dominated by large companies are less likely to have industry acquisitions and mergers. The new industries, which still lack dominant size in individual companies and are technologically oriented and most likely to have industry acquisitions and mergers.

Censorship in 1984 by George Orwell - 1321 Words

Censorship It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away. A nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself--anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide. In any case, to wear an improper expression on your face...; was itself a punishable offense. There was even a word for it in Newspeak: face crime... Thoughtcrime does not entail death; thoughtcrime is death. Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter,†¦show more content†¦In Nineteen Eighty-Four the memory hole is a small chute leading to a large incinerator used for censorship In the walls of the cubicle there were three orifices. To the right of the speak write, a small pneumatic tube for written messages, to the left, a larger one for newspapers; and in the side wall, within easy reach of Winstons arm, a large oblong slit protected by a wire grating. This last was for the disposal of waste paper. Similar slits existed in thousands or tens of thousands throughout the building, not only in every room but at short intervals in every corridor. For some reason they were nicknamed memory holes. When one knew that any document was due for destruction, or even when one saw a scrap of waste paper lying about, it was an automatic action to lift the flap of the nearest memory hole and drop it in, whereupon it would be whirled away on a current of warm air to the enormous furnaces which were hidden somewhere in the recesses of the building. In the novel, the memory hole is a slot into which government officials deposit politically inconvenient documents and records to be destroyed. Nineteen Eighty-Fours protagonist Winston Smith, who works in the Ministry of Truth, is routinely assigned the task of revising old newspaper articles in order to serve the propaganda interests of the government. For example, if the government had pledged that the chocolate ration would not fall below the current 30 grams per week, but in fact the rationShow MoreRelatedCensorship In 1984 By George Orwell717 Words   |  3 PagesThesis Statement: 1984 is a well-written cautionary tale that is perfectly applicable to today’s political climate and other current events. This is shown through George Orwell’s intuitive predictions of the use of censorship, his discussion of the perception and nature of reality, and his timeless depiction of a too-real society. 1984 contains an intuitive look at the role censorship plays in the lives of human beings. 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Crime Analysis - 954 Words

HOW TECHNOLOGY IS USED IN CRIME ANALYSIS CJ 216 Highfill, Lucrissa 9/7/2010 Leave this page blank The first step in the crime analysis process is the collection of data; this step is closely connected to data storage. As noted above, this step occurs outside the direct control of the crime analysis function. In most police agencies, officers and/or civilian employees enter crime reports and other data into a computer system. Officers may write reports in longhand that are then entered into the computer system by data entry clerks, officers may input incident reports directly into a computer system, or police dispatchers may write reports directly into the computer system. The policies dictating data entry procedures, as†¦show more content†¦Ã¯â€šâ€¢Ã¯â‚¬  Temporal, spatial (crime mapping), and sociodemographic factors are key areas of focus in crime analysts’ examinations of crime, disorder, and other police-related issues. ï‚•ï€  The goals of crime analysis are to assist police in criminal apprehension, crime and disorder reduction, crime prevention, and evaluation. ï‚•ï€  The crime analysis process—that is, the general way in which crime analysis is practiced—includes the steps of data collection, data collation, analysis, dissemination of results, and the receipt of feedback from users of the information. ï‚•ï€  The data modification sub cycle is a sub process within the crime analysis process in which the analyst makes changes in data collection and collation procedures based on insights gained during the analysis. ï‚•ï€  The term crime analysis refers to a general concept and to a discipline practiced in the policing community. The five major types of crime analysis— intelligence analysis, criminal investigative analysis, tactical crime analysis, strategic crime analysis, and administrative crime analysis—differ from one another in purpose, scope, data, and analysis techniques. ï‚•ï€  Tactical crime analysis is the study of recent criminal incidents and potential criminal activity through the examination of characteristics such as how, when, and where the activity has occurred to assistShow MoreRelatedTactical Crime Analysis : Crime And Disorder906 Words   |  4 PagesTactical crime analysis is the study of recent criminal incidents and potential criminal activity through the examination of characteristics such as how, when, and where the activity has occurred to assist in pattern development, investigative lead and suspect identification, and case clearance (Santos, 2012). â€Å"The first goal of tactical crime analysis is pattern identification, which consists of linking crimes by type, MO, person, and vehicle characteristics, among other things† (Santos, 2012).Read MoreGlobal Crime Analysis1134 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Crimes Analysis University of Phoenix Cynthia Butler CJA/394 April 16, 2012 This paper will identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that affect national and international criminal justice systems and processes. 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Even the unit of analysis is something that is contended and researched and argued (Weisburd, Bruinsma Bernasco, 2009). Over the years this field of study has widened and gone from simple of states on the country level to in-depth street level analysis relative to specific crimes. This paper looks to review the evolution of geographic crime analysis, examine how it is currently being appliedRead MoreStatistical Analysis for Property Crimes1120 Words   |  5 Pagesregression analysis. I have attached a PDF file that explains the case and the spreadsheet version with all the data recorded fr om the PDF file. Pleas emae sure you include all the graphs, plots and please use megastat software. Topic: We want to determine the primary factors that affect property crime rates in the United States. The statistical analysis of the data involves multiple-regression analysis. Questions to answer are: 1. 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It is due to this fluctuation in particular crimes that the media continues to play a role in misrepresenting crime rates, creating community fear and concerns regarding crime in this country (Kidd-Hewitt: 2002). The flow on effect is that it creates extra pressure on law enforcement agencies to try and br ing crime under control. Law enforcement agenciesRead MoreIntroduction. Crime Analysis Is The Breaking Up Of Acts959 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Crime analysis is the breaking up of acts committed in violation of laws into their parts to find out their nature and reporting ,some analysis. the role of the crime analysts varies from agency to agency. Statement of these findings is the objective of most crime analysis to find meaningful information in vast amounts of data and disseminate this information to officers and investigators in the field to assist in their efforts to apprehend criminals and suppress criminal activity. 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Crime analysis is a tactic that police officers need in order to enhance their prevention, investigation, and apprehension skills (Foster, 2013). Crime analysis is a set of organized, diagnostic

Legal Research Of A Small Business With Roberto - 960 Words

Legal Research paper 1/ For starting a small business with Roberto, I strongly believe our business organization will be following to Limited Liability company, LLC, which can be advantageous for providing protection to partners and investors. Both of us have equal rights to manage and have agency to contract for the company. Because of having the first small business together, our business organization do not allow for public offerings and stock sales that we can be easy to control. Also, we have to find one of the best farm for giving the milk, egg, and others organic supplies to make our products which means we need to sign a contract with them for every month. 2/ In my opinion, if we want to start this business, based on Georgia law, we would involve and be sued in trademark infringement law by using the name and logo of another company. The trademark infringement is the using of another’s mark without authorization or permission of the trademark owner. Although they are not cheese package, they have name and logo that look same with cheese package logo. Therefore, they are easy to cause customer to become confused about the products. If we keep choosing their name and logo, we should buy franchise from their companies. However, we will not start this business on this way. Instead of using name and logo of the laughing cow company, we will choose our name and logo differently such as our name will be â€Å"I dream of ice creams† and the logo will be â€Å"An ice cream into aShow MoreRelatedThe Report On Nokia Mobile Phones1741 Words   |  7 PagesThe disadvantages you have internally compared with your competitors. †¢ Opportunities – Current external trends which are waiting to be taken advantage of. †¢ Threats – External movements which may cause a problem and have a negative impact on your business. Sometimes SWOT is referred to as SLOT, where weaknesses are names as liabilities. 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Introduction 2. Macro environmental analysis (PESTLE- political, economic, social, technology, legal, ecological) 3. Customer analysis 4. Market description 5. SWOT analysis (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunity, threats) 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 7. References P.1 D002 Read MoreAnalysis of Boffis international strategy Essay5901 Words   |  24 Pages3O1LON International business Boffi: Managing internationalisation in luxury goods Executive summary: Nowadays, being competitive isn’t an option but more an obligation. Through this report, we identified the well-known Italian Boffi, specialised in kitchen and bathroom industry. How Boffi did to be one of the most important Italian producers of kitchens and bathrooms in the luxury field? What was its strategy? How can they improve their sales and market share? Those are the questionRead MoreA Analysis of Rational Decision Making Model9334 Words   |  38 PagesDecision Making Hamed Armesh* In this article we have tried to define and make good and comprehensive explanations of decision making process in different situation. because of decision making importance in business we have tried to take a deep look different subjects that are direct and indirectly related to decision making so as we know decision making is the process of selecting a logical choice from among the available options to do that we need to evaluate, analyze and determine which alternativeRead MoreC. Marketing B.3101 Words   |  13 Pagesinstitutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. A. Selling C. Marketing B. Advertising D. Mixing Markets A (347) 2. The business philosophy of produce as much as you can because there is a limitless market is consistent with which of the following marketing eras? A. production era C. marketing era B. selling era D. customer relationship era B (348) 3.Read MoreStarbucks Coffee Supply Chain3200 Words   |  13 Pagescosts by outsourcing multiple business processes (IMF Staff, 2008). The globalization of Starbucks’ supply chain played a crucial role in attaining organizational success, having a significant impact on its business operations. This report aims to analyze the challenges that globalization presents in a constantly evolving market, and evaluate the solutions that Starbucks has implemented to manage these challenges. 2. Background Starbucks started out as a small coffee retailer in Seattle, Washington

Different Groups of Teachers Free Essays

Teaching is an important profession. â€Å"We will always need teachers. † (Waln) This is why I am interested in the career of secondary education. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Groups of Teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now To be there to teach the upcoming generations and those that will be following behind us. It is important that we continue to teach the children so that they will be able to take over as the leaders of our country. Teachers are divided into different groups. The first group is the Elementary Teachers. Elementary Teachers usually teach one class of children at a certain grade level. These teachers teach all of the subject areas. Therefore they need to be knowledgeable in all subject areas. The next group of teachers is the Secondary Education Teachers. Secondary Education Teachers usually teach five or six classes of students a day, however, they only teach one subject area. Having the teacher teach in one subject area and not many different areas allows the teacher to learn more about that area and this allows the students to learn more in depth about the subject. The last group of teachers is the Special Education Teachers. These teachers work with both Elementary and Secondary students. They help the students in all subject areas, but mainly in Math and Language Arts. Special Education Teachers also work with students that have disabilities ranging from mild to severe. The group of teachers that I would like to be in is the Secondary Education group. I am interested in teaching Business. The working conditions of teachers varies depending on where they are employed. Most districts have a schedule where the teachers teach for nine months and have three months off in the summer. In other districts, teachers teach all year around with a schedule of working eight weeks and then having a week off. They would also have a five week mid-winter break. In most states there is a Tenure Law. The Tenure Law prevents teachers from being fired without just cause and due process. Teachers normally have to teach in one district for three years before they gain tenure. Teachers usually put in more than forty hours a week. Along with the teaching time in the classroom, teachers put in many hours after class and at home doing correcting and lesson plans. Teachers also put in a lot of time with different committee meetings and staff meetings that they need to attend. Some teachers can feel isolated from their colleagues at work. This comes from being in a classroom of students all day and not really getting a chance to see anyone else in the building. There are some schools, however, where the environment is very informal. In these schools, teachers get a chance to see and talk to other teachers throughout the day. This helps to build the morale of the teachers. Teachers also work with students from many different backgrounds and cultures. Teachers need to be aware of these backgrounds and cultures so they can better help the students. A person needs to be licensed to certified to be a teacher unless he/she works for a private school. The license or certification is usually granted by the State Board of Instruction or the Office of Public Instruction. Certification for teachers is from K-8 for Elementary and 6-12 Secondary. Requirements for certification vary from state to state. The one requirement that all states require is that teachers have a Bachelor†s Degree and the completion of an approved teacher training program. The outlook for teachers varies by geographic area and subject specialty. The overall employment is expected to increase for all occupations through the year 2008. The funding of the school by the state is another factor on the teacher job growth. Teacher†s wages range from $19,710 to $70,030 a year. The average starting salary for a teacher with a Bachelor†s Degree and no experience is $25,700. The average wage for teachers is $39,300 a year. Private school teachers usually get paid less than public school teachers. In many schools, teachers receive extra pay for coaching sports or working with extra-curricular activities and clubs. Teachers earn extra money by working during the summer at other jobs. The teaching profession is an important profession. The world will always need teachers to teach it†s children. Teachers need to go through a training program which usually consists of four years in college and doing student teaching. Teachers need to be certified by the state in which they are teaching in. Teachers can make a lot money or not so much money depending on what geographic area they are in. Teachers, however, do not go into teaching for the money. Teacher become teachers because they like working with children and they like watching the children grow and learn. How to cite Different Groups of Teachers, Papers

Technology Gaps and Capacity Issues in African Insurance Companies

Questions: Critically analyse the key commercial issues involved in the management of projects. Critically appraise the business environment, finance, procurement integrity, contract management, disputes and legal frameworks within the project environment. Establish the Projects Supply Chain and evaluate the commercial integrity. Answers: Introduction The choice making supporting the limit improvement of any business endeavor is adequate access to the target market, fulfillment of existing corporate sector need or making of advancement in a current business area and the extent of the corporate sector in other to accomplish gainfulness and manageable improvement. The training given by NOSA try to elevate and enable African agribusiness through the procurement of an economical, suitable and significant horticultural preparing and instruction framework. The vision of NOSA is to make steady progress and effect; like this, structures must be set up to accomplish manageability, both ecologically and through ceaseless backing from enhanced agricultural expansion with an association of the nearby and state legislature of Kaduna State. Kaduna State is one of the real states in Nigeria situated in the North-West Geo-political zone of Nigeria with a construct as the mechanical focal point of Northern Nigeria, fabricating items like materials, hardware, steel, aluminum, petroleum articles and course. Ceramics is very prized from Kaduna, particularly from the Nok society. It has a substantial business sector, as of late reconstructed after an open flame in the mid-1990s. It is enriched with mineral assets, for example, clay, serpentine, asbestos, amethyst and gold. Furthermore, it has been honored with a rich area and an assortment of products. NOSA Agricultural Services Corporate Profile NOSA Agricultural Services (NOSA Agri) is another division of NOSA with its main spotlight on preparing, instruction, word related wellbeing and danger administration, evaluating and counseling for the cultivating and rural parts. NOSA Corporate Services The company was founded in 1951, which is located in Sandton, South Africa with a network of offices and training centers in Southern Africa (Nosaagri.com, 2016). It also has offices in China and South America; and operations in the United States, India, Turkey, and Indonesia. NOSA (Pty) Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of MICROmega Holdings Ltd. Facilities NOSA Agri focuses on training, education, consulting and support systems for the African farming and agricultural sectors. NOSA Agri supports sustainable development solutions and rural economic growth. It also offers industry solutions, including consulting, agricultural management, education system management, fire safety, first aid, mining management, and occupational hygiene services; and other software solutions for companies. Existing Clients/Suppliers of Resources Relationships NOSA offers it services to a broad range of clients in various fields such as mining, power construction, petrochemicals, healthcare, food and beverages, governmental organizations, property as well as technical solutions. The important clients that are supported by NOSA comprise of Anglo American, DE BEERS, Eskom, SDIC, PetroSA, MEDICLINIC, HEINEKEN, RAND WATER and for technical solutions GEARHOUSE GROUP. Staff Capability NOSA Agricultural Services has accredited training facilitators and assessors who are experts as highly skilled in planning, coordinating and directing training sessions to achieve optimum outcomes towards perfection. Training Package The courses offered by NOSA consists of three sections; Animal Husbandry, Crop Husbandry and Farm Management Planning. Animal Production and Crop Production are made up of basic core studies plus additional subjects and modules. Business Strategy NOSA Agri is guided by PEOPLE, ENVIRONMENT, PROFIT and SUSTAINABILITY principles and aims to achieve their vision with the help of following: Empowering people through appropriate agricultural training and ensuring modern and conservation agriculture techniques Being a catalyst for the African farmer to commercialize and generate profit from their farm business, sustaining their families and helping grow the rural economy On agricultural services in NOSA that will cultivate adequate knowledge, skills and competencies in candidates, satisfying customers/industry requirements and ensuring value for money while making a profit (Neal, Hou and Allinson, 2014). Figure 1: Business Model (Source: Created by Author) Relationship Strategy Many benefits are derived from developing customer relationships by both firms and clients. From the investigation, it was discovered that whereas organization can profit from relationship marketing strategies through customer retention, brand loyalists and market security (Barros and Wanke, 2015). Customers likewise, enjoy both psychological and social benefits such as familiarity, personal recognition and friendships that may also lead to discount benefits on purchases for customers who have maintained long-term relationships with the organization. Project Organization The team for this capacity development project shall include as illustrated in the figure-2 below. Their various roles and responsibilities are discussed further in section 3.1. Figure 2: NOSA Organization Hierarchical Chart (Source: Created by Author) Key Staff Roles and Responsibilities: Position Roles Responsibilities Project Sponsor Chairman Board of Directors Signatory to the organization's financial account and all legal documents and contracts of the company Project Manager Project Lead: The project managers leadership role is very vital to the project delivery and success Project Team Includes the Facilitators, Quality Control Officer, Health and Safety Supervisor, Logistics, Emergency Response Team and the Production Team Legal Advisor Liaison in conjunction with management on regulatory matters, contract terms in procurement and community affairs (Rhee et al. 2014) Shareholders Partners Highest-level decision-making unit of the company Health and Safety Advisor Develops and maintains Safety Policies and Safe Work Procedures, monitoring and training staff where necessary Procurement Manager Maintains corporate list of vendor, contractors and suppliers Table 1: Project Organization Project Stakeholders Project stakeholders are those who are interested in the project because they are either involved or affected by the project outcomes. Stakeholder Groups Description 1. Owner/Sponsors These people are the ones who pay for the project 2. Candidates These people or group can be denoted as who buys the product or services 3. End users These people reflect the individual who will uses the finished product or services from the project (Rose, 2012) 4. Executives in Project These are the Senior managers of the owner or sponsor organization 6. Other Contactors/Suppliers Are the people who provide goods/materials/work or services used by the project (Belda et al. 2012) 7. Public Stakeholders This comprises of the individuals concerned about the project or product environmental Table 2: Project Stakeholders Stakeholders Roles and Responsibilities Regarding roles and responsibilities, stakeholders could be classified into Internal, Interface and External Stakeholders (Sense, 2011). Harmonizing the classification of Table-1 above and other classifications by authors, stakeholders for the NOSA capacity development project has been identified and described according to their roles and responsibilities for this capability development project as illustrated in Table-2 below. Group A - Interface Stakeholders This person operates both internally and externally about the organization. Title Roles Project Board/ Steering Committee This may include selected NOSAs senior and top management staff, representatives of the client, partners, and shareholders. Responsibilities Has overall liability in the governance of the project management Oversees the project and raises awareness at senior level Approves strategies, project scope, implementation plan and milestones Title Roles Sponsor Present the views of the Board to the Project Manager, Stakeholders and represents the project upwards the Organization's Board as illustrated in the figure below. Responsibilities The Project Sponsor creates or destroys value in that they determine the life span of a project in the project life cycle i.e. whether the project can start, continue and outlast the project manager. The responsibilities of the project sponsor have been identified as: issuance /ownership of the project charter and business case (Bonnal, 2012), having authority to change control and provides leadership on culture and values. Group B - Internal Stakeholders These people can be denoted as operating within the boundaries of NOSA's organizational framework. They included all staff and involved with the development of the project. Title Roles Project Manager This is the assigned person responsible for developing a definition of the project in conjunction with the Project Sponsor. Responsibilities Lead the project team, coordinate partners and work groups involved in the project. Ensures effective project planning and control and manages project deliverables in line with the project plan Resolves conflicts that may arise at project level (Feng, Yang and Chang, 2014) Title Roles Project Team Functional managers and staff of NOSAs who are directly involved with the capacity development project. Responsibilities Participates and provides expertise in development of the project plan in relations to topics Transforms the goals and objectives and material resources of the project into deliverables and project outcomes Provide functional expertise in an administrative process (White and Petry, 2011) Title Roles NOSA Support Staff NOSA staff who are not directly involved in the development of the project but provide services that contribute to the overall achievement of project management objectives. Group C - External Stakeholders Those who provide input but are not employees of the organization e.g. Consumers, Suppliers, Competitors, International Organizations, Political Parties/Leaders, International and Local Trade Unions. Title Roles Consumers/ Operators/ End users These people purchase products, training modules, management consultations, obtain benefits from the projects outcomes for example practicing, and apprentice candidates. Suppliers/ sub-Contractors Are those who design, manage or provide goods/materials/ work/ services as inputs to the achievement of project outcomes. Competitors These can be defined as the existing and potential business entities who share the same market with NOSA due to the provision of a similar set of products, training and services. International, Interest groups, Non-governmental Organizations Are people who are concerned about the project or product environmental, social and economic impacts e.g. the media and NGOs (Frank, Sadeh and Ashkenasi, 2011) Regulatory Authorities These are the Government functionaries who set policies, specifications, rules and laws guiding industrial practices to ensure the protection of the environment, the safety of lives and properties, for instance, Federal Environmental Protection Agencies. Local Communities Stakeholders who reside within the boundaries of the project location, therefore, are directly affected by the operations associated with the project. Law Enforcement Agencies Governmental bodies constituted by law to enforce government policies on industries operating within the state. Table 3: Stakeholders Roles and Responsibilities Stakeholders Analysis Grid Various researchers describe stakeholders analysis as a process of systematically gathering and analyzing qualitative information in other to determine whose interest should be taken into consideration when developing the project. Figure 3: Stakeholders' Power-Interest Grid (Source: Created by Author) Stakeholders Communication Plan In Table 2 below the strategy is shown which will be used to disseminate project information effectively to stakeholders of the NOSA capacity development project. Stakeholder Title Information Requirements Timing / Frequency Format of Communication Owner 1. Project Board Project progress report and budgetary needs Monthly Meetings, presentation report Sponsor 2. Project Sponsor Progress report, miles stones and accomplishment Weekly One-to-one Meetings Report Project manager 3. Senior Consultant or Suppliers Project Manager Allocation of resources, task requirements progress updates Daily Meetings Reports Project manager 4. Project Manager Progress status report Daily Meeting, emails, reports Team leaders 5. Project Team Supervision Daily Meeting, presentations Project manager 6. NOSA Support Staff Progress report, Project review Monthly Meeting, emails, memos, presentations Project manager 7. Consumers/ Operators/ End users Press News Release Quarterly News media Sponsor 8. Suppliers/ sub-Contractors Audit, Contract Evaluation review, Monthly Emails, meetings, presentation workshops Project manager 10. Regulatory Authority Incident investigation report, Compliance Audit Report quarterly or Annually Reports Sponsor 11. Local Communities Corporate Social Responsibility updates Quarterly Stakeholders Group Meetings, Workshops Sponsor Table 4: Stakeholders' Communication Plan Responsibility Assignment Matrix Having provided the Organizational chart and the Work Breakdown Structure of the NOSA capacity development project life cycle, the assignment of responsibilities to be illustrated as shown in Table 4 below. The intersecting boxes marked (x) signify the corresponding responsible members of the project organization. RESPONSIBLE PERSON ASSIGNMENTS Project Steering Committee Project Sponsor Legal Advisor Project Manager Procurement Manager Health Safety Manager Accountant Human Resource Manager Business Dev. Manager Quality Assurance Manager Training Coordinator Project Team Support Staff Concept Phase Client Initiates Idea X X Feasibility Study X X X X X X X X X Create Outline of Business Case X X X X X X Project Investment Appraisal X X X X X X X X X X Risk Assessment X X X X X X X Accept Project X X X X X X X X Project Definition Phase Define the Project X X X X X X Market Research X X X X X X X Develop Project Management Plan X X X X X X Initiate Partnership with KSG X X X X Meet with Stakeholders X X X X X X X X Sign Partnership Agreement with KSG X X X Approve Business Case Project Management Plan X X X Project Development Phase Obtain Licenses X X Procurement X X X X X Site Mapping X X X Lease Office Building X X X X X X Equip Office with Furniture, Computer Power Plant X X X X X Recruit Local staff X X X X Training Development X X X Advertise X X Commission Academy X X X X X X Benefit Realization Phase Operate PMCM Academy X X X X X X X Realize Benefit X X X Termination Phase Closure X X X Lessons Learned X X X X X Archive Project Documents X X Decommission Academy X X X X Table 5: Responsibility Matrix Project Life Cycle Almost every project is built around a project life cycle irrespective of the objective, size and complexity. The project life cycle outlines the inter-related phases of the project and provides a framework for governing the progress of activities involved (Yahaya, 2012). Figure 4: Project Life Cycle (Source: Created by Author) Description of the Project Life Cycle Concept Phase: In this stage, the idea for the new project is initiated and introduced to the steering committee for decision-making after which a project manager is appointed to carry out a feasibility study and present a proposal based on the client's need and organizations' corporate objectives (Indelicato, 2012). Project Definition: When the project is accepted and approved, stakeholders are to be engaged in defining the purpose and deliverables of the project and a proposal for the partnership will be initiated. Project Development: The project management plan being accepted by the various parties is at this moment authorized for development by sponsorship and financing of the costs. Benefits Realization Phase: In this phase, business is initiated with Academy fully commissioned with the commencing of training and skills development programs. Termination Phase: this is a management decision due to prevailing circumstances in the business. When consent has reached the process for termination will be called-up and lessons learned will be shared by key stakeholders before or after the Academy is decommissioned (Jun, Qiuzhen and Qingguo, 2011). Market Research Given the current unemployment in Nigeria, inadequate supply of skilled labor and the ever increasing rate of industrialization in Kaduna State and Nigeria at large there has been a growing need for the government invitation foreign investors for privatization. This is the primary motive for development of modern infrastructures, promote employability and knowledge transfer to citizens (Rezania and Ouedraogo, 2013). SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES NOSA is well reputed for its capability to impart the training courses facilitated to provide the real time experience of the services NOSA has several affiliations with Action Training Academy and MECS Africa and has received accreditation from SANAS NOSA facilitates measurement of standards of performance for sustainability The Kaduna state is a new market to operate, so there are lots of uncertainties The supplier vetting system can be considered as one of the loopholes of NOSA as it also has to be supported by the organization The initial total capital investment for the project may be high to NOSA for funding directly OPPORTUNITIES THREATS There is a probability that the existing renowned business leaders in the Nigerian market may be the client of NOSA Kaduna is a developing state with a growing market as more investors tend to migrate into it NOSA can also withstand by challenging the other investors NOSA can have prospects for providing expertise audit and consultancy services to the multinational firms operating in Nigeria The economic and Political instability in Nigeria possess as the threat to NOSA Competitors who may be intercepting the opportunity with cheaper offers to the public for the same services The risk of the Legislative Government Authority rejecting the proposal of partnership Table 6: SWOT ANALYSIS Project Finance This financial plan is aimed at providing NOSA with a strategic cash flow policy that will ensure higher profitability and operating cash flow to position the capacity development project as a tool for sustainable cash flow in the next five years. Cash-Flow Analysis and Working Capital Management Assumptions: Bank loan will be secured for 100,000.00 short-term overdraft and 450,000.00 long term, repayable in ten years whereas, NOSA and the Kaduna State government will fund the project with 280,000.00 each for the public-private partnership (PPP). A discount rate of 15% was assumed to factor financial issues on risk, inflation, currency fluctuations due to economic and political instability in Nigeria and uncertainties of the supply chain (Ljunggren, Huang and Johansson, 2014). Considerations: Bank loan in the South Africa is currently at 0.5% interest rates Depreciation was calculated considering the life expectancy for Vehicle to be 5-years and life expectancy for Plants and Equipment to be 10-years using the straight-line method The parameters and reporting format of the Financial Plan as shown in Table 8 were adapted from research. Budget The budget for this project is estimated at 950,000.00; distributed to each phase of the project as shown in Table 7 below. Phase Estimated Cost () 1. Concept 17,000.00 2. Project Definition 22,000.00 3. Project Development 470,000.00 4. Benefit Realization Cost (1st Year) 400,000.00 5. Termination 20,000.00 6. Contingency (Cash in hand) 21,000.00 Table 7: Budget FINANCIAL PLAN FOR FIRST FIVE YEARS Initial Investment Plan Capital Expenditure: Fixed Assets Acquisition of Leasing of new capital assets 1,200,000 Computers 120,000 Work table 90,000 Administration and Consultancy Fees 110,000 Office Training Equipment 25,300 Project Training materials 31,250 Labor Costs 15,320 Preliminary expenses 30,000.00 Raw materials 1,400,000 Machinery and Practical equipments 35,000.00 Furniture 15,200.00 Advertisement 31,000.00 Vehicles 20,000.00 Misc. expenses 12,000 3,135,070 Operational Expenditures: OPERATING COSTS Training and development of NOSA staff 225,000.00 Agricultural works 31,000.00 Support technician expense 150,000.00 Clerical support 220,000.00 Costs on software utilization 210,000.00 Maintenance and operation of facility 32,230.00 Legal expenditures 66,220.00 934,450.00 Cash flow before Taxation 6,235,456.30 Tax -25% Cash flow after tax 4,676,592.20 Discount rate 15% Discounted cash flow 7,170,774.75 NPV 7,170,774.80 PBP 2 years Initial cost of investment - 3.15 Table 8: Financial Plan Supply Chain Management Proposed Procurement Route Procurement is a system that adds value to project management when priority is given to the project definition phase by engaging supply chain experts in meaningful dialogue, choosing appropriate procurement routes and identifying and controlling optimism bias in forecasting of the project cost, schedule and scope (Mir and Pinnington, 2014). The choice of procurement route for this project would largely depend on the value of purchases required; thus, for low-value purchases (less than 1000) quotation and purchase orders. Purchasing Mechanisms Since the project is located in an unfamiliar terrain Kaduna State in Nigeria, the most appropriate purchasing mechanism for the procurement of high-value purchases will be through fixed price contract (Molosi, 2011). Contract Management Strategy NOSA has adopted the fixed price contract strategy since the capacity development project located in an unfamiliar terrain with many uncertainties within the political system, economy, security and cultural behaviors. Supply Chain Map A supply chain is the system of the considerable number of people, associations, assets, exercises and innovation included in the creation and offer of an item, from the conveyance of source materials from the supplier to the maker, through to its consequent movement to the end client. The network inventory fragment included with getting the completed item from the manufacturer to the buyer is known as the appropriation channel. Successful supply chains give organizations an upper hand in the commercial center and alleviate dangers connected with securing crude materials and conveying items or administrations. By actualizing store network administration frameworks, organizations are capable diminish waste, overhead expenses and transporting delays scientifically. The essential drawbacks of store network management, or SCM, incorporate intricacy and costs. In light of the various working parts and the innovation included, organizations face great odds for mistakes or oversights with SCM. The innovative framework included in SCM additionally balances a percentage of the apparent worth picked up by its application. Figure 5: Supply Chain Map (Source: Created by Author) The NOSA Capacity Development supply chain map shown in figure 5 is an illustration of the flow of goods and services from the manufacturer to the project (Neal, Hou and Allinson, 2014). Research reveals that there is a great possibility for events far away from a business location to have an impact on the enterprise due to the chain of activities linking the extended supply chain. Legal Legal Issues and Dispute Resolution Techniques Authors reveal that most major projects develop levels of conflicts, disputes, breach of contracts, liabilities and claims at different stages of the project life-cycle about the supply chain. PPP is essentially about applying the private division's aptitudes in specialized and money related danger administration in ways that speak to genuine quality for the general population area. In the framework ventures scene, PPPs are seen as money related models that empower people in the general area to make utilization of private account capital in a way that improves the potential outcomes of both the administration and the privately owned business. The whole PPP structure in Nigeria depends on the standards of accomplishing better esteem and moderate policies. As communicated in the National Policy Document, there are monetary, social and ecological destinations for the selection of PPP model as a system for framework advancement. NIPC gives administrations to concede of business section grants, licenses, approval and motivating forces in a one-stop shop environment. NIPC's One Stop Investment Center offer general data and information on the Nigerian economy to encourage educated venture choices. It encourages post-passage endorsements, licenses and are particular grants with government offices and public counseling administrations on beneficial speculation opportunities in Nigeria incorporating coordinating financial specialists' necessities with circumstances available in the 36 States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory. DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN PROJECT PHASES Project Phases/ Possible Sources of Disputes Resolution Techniques 1. Project Concept: Client insisting on a vague description of the project, unrealistic scope, tight schedule and demand. A subject matter expert should be consulted to illustrate the project goal in a pictorial view, effective work breakdown and cost estimation. 2. Project Definition: Bureaucracy of the in policy and decision-making on the part of the sponsor, client or project manager (Ogunbameru, Mustapha and Idrisa, 2013) Conflicting interest of stakeholders on performance indicators, scope, cost, time and location of the project Perception differences could also cause disputes due to ambiguity in the contract, cultural and language barriers Creating a friendly working relationship and collaborating with stakeholders in project decisions and plotting an active communication media for managing various stakeholders Adequate risk and impact assessment should be carried out with consideration to expert judgment 3. Project Development Design variations or difficulty in the interpretation of the project design could result in dispute Non-conformance to the project commercial and technical specifications may be identified during or after development (Olivares, 2011) Accidental occurrence on site or offsite that involves NOSAs staff or equipment and a third party Negotiate early identification and incorporation of the project team during design and points of dispute on the contract. Expert judgment should be given priority in the definition of the project objectives and deliverables while negotiating terms of the contract. Safety training and awareness should be provided to all staff and visitors within the project premises. 4. Benefit Realization The project may fail to meet set objectives due to prevailing external circumstances or over-optimistic project selection criteria. The contractor should dialogue with the client and the sponsor to ensure the project aligns with the commercial and technical requirements. 5. Termination Phase Contractors who have not been paid for services rendered might take legal actions against the shutdown of the project. The services of an arbitrator could be employed to negotiate between the contractor and the client on how the debt owed will be paid (Petit, 2012). Project Risks and Uncertainties Allowances In as much as it is essential to execute the known risk factors and costs that impact the project in the project plan, it is also worthy of note not to neglect uncertainties; rather plan ways to manage such from the inception of the project (Pearson, 2011). Figure 6: Typology of Uncertainty Factors (Source: Created by Author) 7.2.1. Risk Register: Risk Probability Impact Planned Action/Mitigation of Risks Training Facility environment is unsuitable for the candidates Low High Health and Safety will ensure fitness of the facility in context to environment Permission to embed modern, powerful simulation techniques in the service not granted Medium Medium Feedback indicates that there is requirement for new methods to retain the candidates Failure to maintain the Key Project Staff during the entire timeline of the project Low High Propose the project team to be all in post and give the prescribed time to project Lack of support from key stakeholders Low High Well establishment of stakeholder engagement Unable to work with intended user groups Medium Medium Established commitment to research community and recognition of value Conclusion Given NOSAs intent to extend into new frontiers of business by setting up a training campaign through a partnership with the Kaduna State local government initiatives, this report has reflected on the capabilities and strengths of the company through its corporate profile, its achievements, training packages, market relationship and business strategy for expansion. Additionally, a brief evaluation of the enterprise change has been laid out with illustrations on the stakeholders, their views, roles and responsibilities, interest and potential influence. They may have on the success of the project with a vague communication plan that borders on what level of information is conveyed to individual stakeholders and at what frequency. Furthermore, this report has revealed from the analysis the viability of the project having carried out market research, evaluating the project environment and NOSAs business capacity to take advantage strategically of the well of economic opportunity available within the chosen region. Through investigations into the financial requirements, the report has shown that with an estimated budget of 950,000.00 the project could yield Working Capital Ratios ranging from 1.89 to 4.25 over five years period. Finally, the potential legal issues in each project phase were identified and appropriate dispute resolution techniques were provided. Recommendations Having completed investigations into the achievability of NOSAs quest to expand its business potentials through capacity development, by having a public-private partnership with Nigeria local government initiatives for development of the manpower resources. Within its mass of unemployed youths, improving the project and financial management skills of industry practitioners and apprentices while making profit; it is therefore recommended that: Business organizations intending to explore new areas of profit making ventures, consult industry experts and project manager to carry out thorough research on the commercial integrity of their choice of the project in all elements that has been discussed in this report; thereby securing their value for money and maintaining a good market position among its competitors. 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