Technology Gaps and Capacity Issues in African Insurance Companies

Questions: Critically analyse the key commercial issues involved in the management of projects. Critically appraise the business environment, finance, procurement integrity, contract management, disputes and legal frameworks within the project environment. Establish the Projects Supply Chain and evaluate the commercial integrity. Answers: Introduction The choice making supporting the limit improvement of any business endeavor is adequate access to the target market, fulfillment of existing corporate sector need or making of advancement in a current business area and the extent of the corporate sector in other to accomplish gainfulness and manageable improvement. The training given by NOSA try to elevate and enable African agribusiness through the procurement of an economical, suitable and significant horticultural preparing and instruction framework. The vision of NOSA is to make steady progress and effect; like this, structures must be set up to accomplish manageability, both ecologically and through ceaseless backing from enhanced agricultural expansion with an association of the nearby and state legislature of Kaduna State. Kaduna State is one of the real states in Nigeria situated in the North-West Geo-political zone of Nigeria with a construct as the mechanical focal point of Northern Nigeria, fabricating items like materials, hardware, steel, aluminum, petroleum articles and course. Ceramics is very prized from Kaduna, particularly from the Nok society. It has a substantial business sector, as of late reconstructed after an open flame in the mid-1990s. It is enriched with mineral assets, for example, clay, serpentine, asbestos, amethyst and gold. Furthermore, it has been honored with a rich area and an assortment of products. NOSA Agricultural Services Corporate Profile NOSA Agricultural Services (NOSA Agri) is another division of NOSA with its main spotlight on preparing, instruction, word related wellbeing and danger administration, evaluating and counseling for the cultivating and rural parts. NOSA Corporate Services The company was founded in 1951, which is located in Sandton, South Africa with a network of offices and training centers in Southern Africa (Nosaagri.com, 2016). It also has offices in China and South America; and operations in the United States, India, Turkey, and Indonesia. NOSA (Pty) Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of MICROmega Holdings Ltd. Facilities NOSA Agri focuses on training, education, consulting and support systems for the African farming and agricultural sectors. NOSA Agri supports sustainable development solutions and rural economic growth. It also offers industry solutions, including consulting, agricultural management, education system management, fire safety, first aid, mining management, and occupational hygiene services; and other software solutions for companies. Existing Clients/Suppliers of Resources Relationships NOSA offers it services to a broad range of clients in various fields such as mining, power construction, petrochemicals, healthcare, food and beverages, governmental organizations, property as well as technical solutions. The important clients that are supported by NOSA comprise of Anglo American, DE BEERS, Eskom, SDIC, PetroSA, MEDICLINIC, HEINEKEN, RAND WATER and for technical solutions GEARHOUSE GROUP. Staff Capability NOSA Agricultural Services has accredited training facilitators and assessors who are experts as highly skilled in planning, coordinating and directing training sessions to achieve optimum outcomes towards perfection. Training Package The courses offered by NOSA consists of three sections; Animal Husbandry, Crop Husbandry and Farm Management Planning. Animal Production and Crop Production are made up of basic core studies plus additional subjects and modules. Business Strategy NOSA Agri is guided by PEOPLE, ENVIRONMENT, PROFIT and SUSTAINABILITY principles and aims to achieve their vision with the help of following: Empowering people through appropriate agricultural training and ensuring modern and conservation agriculture techniques Being a catalyst for the African farmer to commercialize and generate profit from their farm business, sustaining their families and helping grow the rural economy On agricultural services in NOSA that will cultivate adequate knowledge, skills and competencies in candidates, satisfying customers/industry requirements and ensuring value for money while making a profit (Neal, Hou and Allinson, 2014). Figure 1: Business Model (Source: Created by Author) Relationship Strategy Many benefits are derived from developing customer relationships by both firms and clients. From the investigation, it was discovered that whereas organization can profit from relationship marketing strategies through customer retention, brand loyalists and market security (Barros and Wanke, 2015). Customers likewise, enjoy both psychological and social benefits such as familiarity, personal recognition and friendships that may also lead to discount benefits on purchases for customers who have maintained long-term relationships with the organization. Project Organization The team for this capacity development project shall include as illustrated in the figure-2 below. Their various roles and responsibilities are discussed further in section 3.1. Figure 2: NOSA Organization Hierarchical Chart (Source: Created by Author) Key Staff Roles and Responsibilities: Position Roles Responsibilities Project Sponsor Chairman Board of Directors Signatory to the organization's financial account and all legal documents and contracts of the company Project Manager Project Lead: The project managers leadership role is very vital to the project delivery and success Project Team Includes the Facilitators, Quality Control Officer, Health and Safety Supervisor, Logistics, Emergency Response Team and the Production Team Legal Advisor Liaison in conjunction with management on regulatory matters, contract terms in procurement and community affairs (Rhee et al. 2014) Shareholders Partners Highest-level decision-making unit of the company Health and Safety Advisor Develops and maintains Safety Policies and Safe Work Procedures, monitoring and training staff where necessary Procurement Manager Maintains corporate list of vendor, contractors and suppliers Table 1: Project Organization Project Stakeholders Project stakeholders are those who are interested in the project because they are either involved or affected by the project outcomes. Stakeholder Groups Description 1. Owner/Sponsors These people are the ones who pay for the project 2. Candidates These people or group can be denoted as who buys the product or services 3. End users These people reflect the individual who will uses the finished product or services from the project (Rose, 2012) 4. Executives in Project These are the Senior managers of the owner or sponsor organization 6. Other Contactors/Suppliers Are the people who provide goods/materials/work or services used by the project (Belda et al. 2012) 7. Public Stakeholders This comprises of the individuals concerned about the project or product environmental Table 2: Project Stakeholders Stakeholders Roles and Responsibilities Regarding roles and responsibilities, stakeholders could be classified into Internal, Interface and External Stakeholders (Sense, 2011). Harmonizing the classification of Table-1 above and other classifications by authors, stakeholders for the NOSA capacity development project has been identified and described according to their roles and responsibilities for this capability development project as illustrated in Table-2 below. Group A - Interface Stakeholders This person operates both internally and externally about the organization. Title Roles Project Board/ Steering Committee This may include selected NOSAs senior and top management staff, representatives of the client, partners, and shareholders. Responsibilities Has overall liability in the governance of the project management Oversees the project and raises awareness at senior level Approves strategies, project scope, implementation plan and milestones Title Roles Sponsor Present the views of the Board to the Project Manager, Stakeholders and represents the project upwards the Organization's Board as illustrated in the figure below. Responsibilities The Project Sponsor creates or destroys value in that they determine the life span of a project in the project life cycle i.e. whether the project can start, continue and outlast the project manager. The responsibilities of the project sponsor have been identified as: issuance /ownership of the project charter and business case (Bonnal, 2012), having authority to change control and provides leadership on culture and values. Group B - Internal Stakeholders These people can be denoted as operating within the boundaries of NOSA's organizational framework. They included all staff and involved with the development of the project. Title Roles Project Manager This is the assigned person responsible for developing a definition of the project in conjunction with the Project Sponsor. Responsibilities Lead the project team, coordinate partners and work groups involved in the project. Ensures effective project planning and control and manages project deliverables in line with the project plan Resolves conflicts that may arise at project level (Feng, Yang and Chang, 2014) Title Roles Project Team Functional managers and staff of NOSAs who are directly involved with the capacity development project. Responsibilities Participates and provides expertise in development of the project plan in relations to topics Transforms the goals and objectives and material resources of the project into deliverables and project outcomes Provide functional expertise in an administrative process (White and Petry, 2011) Title Roles NOSA Support Staff NOSA staff who are not directly involved in the development of the project but provide services that contribute to the overall achievement of project management objectives. Group C - External Stakeholders Those who provide input but are not employees of the organization e.g. Consumers, Suppliers, Competitors, International Organizations, Political Parties/Leaders, International and Local Trade Unions. Title Roles Consumers/ Operators/ End users These people purchase products, training modules, management consultations, obtain benefits from the projects outcomes for example practicing, and apprentice candidates. Suppliers/ sub-Contractors Are those who design, manage or provide goods/materials/ work/ services as inputs to the achievement of project outcomes. Competitors These can be defined as the existing and potential business entities who share the same market with NOSA due to the provision of a similar set of products, training and services. International, Interest groups, Non-governmental Organizations Are people who are concerned about the project or product environmental, social and economic impacts e.g. the media and NGOs (Frank, Sadeh and Ashkenasi, 2011) Regulatory Authorities These are the Government functionaries who set policies, specifications, rules and laws guiding industrial practices to ensure the protection of the environment, the safety of lives and properties, for instance, Federal Environmental Protection Agencies. Local Communities Stakeholders who reside within the boundaries of the project location, therefore, are directly affected by the operations associated with the project. Law Enforcement Agencies Governmental bodies constituted by law to enforce government policies on industries operating within the state. Table 3: Stakeholders Roles and Responsibilities Stakeholders Analysis Grid Various researchers describe stakeholders analysis as a process of systematically gathering and analyzing qualitative information in other to determine whose interest should be taken into consideration when developing the project. Figure 3: Stakeholders' Power-Interest Grid (Source: Created by Author) Stakeholders Communication Plan In Table 2 below the strategy is shown which will be used to disseminate project information effectively to stakeholders of the NOSA capacity development project. Stakeholder Title Information Requirements Timing / Frequency Format of Communication Owner 1. Project Board Project progress report and budgetary needs Monthly Meetings, presentation report Sponsor 2. Project Sponsor Progress report, miles stones and accomplishment Weekly One-to-one Meetings Report Project manager 3. Senior Consultant or Suppliers Project Manager Allocation of resources, task requirements progress updates Daily Meetings Reports Project manager 4. Project Manager Progress status report Daily Meeting, emails, reports Team leaders 5. Project Team Supervision Daily Meeting, presentations Project manager 6. NOSA Support Staff Progress report, Project review Monthly Meeting, emails, memos, presentations Project manager 7. Consumers/ Operators/ End users Press News Release Quarterly News media Sponsor 8. Suppliers/ sub-Contractors Audit, Contract Evaluation review, Monthly Emails, meetings, presentation workshops Project manager 10. Regulatory Authority Incident investigation report, Compliance Audit Report quarterly or Annually Reports Sponsor 11. Local Communities Corporate Social Responsibility updates Quarterly Stakeholders Group Meetings, Workshops Sponsor Table 4: Stakeholders' Communication Plan Responsibility Assignment Matrix Having provided the Organizational chart and the Work Breakdown Structure of the NOSA capacity development project life cycle, the assignment of responsibilities to be illustrated as shown in Table 4 below. The intersecting boxes marked (x) signify the corresponding responsible members of the project organization. RESPONSIBLE PERSON ASSIGNMENTS Project Steering Committee Project Sponsor Legal Advisor Project Manager Procurement Manager Health Safety Manager Accountant Human Resource Manager Business Dev. Manager Quality Assurance Manager Training Coordinator Project Team Support Staff Concept Phase Client Initiates Idea X X Feasibility Study X X X X X X X X X Create Outline of Business Case X X X X X X Project Investment Appraisal X X X X X X X X X X Risk Assessment X X X X X X X Accept Project X X X X X X X X Project Definition Phase Define the Project X X X X X X Market Research X X X X X X X Develop Project Management Plan X X X X X X Initiate Partnership with KSG X X X X Meet with Stakeholders X X X X X X X X Sign Partnership Agreement with KSG X X X Approve Business Case Project Management Plan X X X Project Development Phase Obtain Licenses X X Procurement X X X X X Site Mapping X X X Lease Office Building X X X X X X Equip Office with Furniture, Computer Power Plant X X X X X Recruit Local staff X X X X Training Development X X X Advertise X X Commission Academy X X X X X X Benefit Realization Phase Operate PMCM Academy X X X X X X X Realize Benefit X X X Termination Phase Closure X X X Lessons Learned X X X X X Archive Project Documents X X Decommission Academy X X X X Table 5: Responsibility Matrix Project Life Cycle Almost every project is built around a project life cycle irrespective of the objective, size and complexity. The project life cycle outlines the inter-related phases of the project and provides a framework for governing the progress of activities involved (Yahaya, 2012). Figure 4: Project Life Cycle (Source: Created by Author) Description of the Project Life Cycle Concept Phase: In this stage, the idea for the new project is initiated and introduced to the steering committee for decision-making after which a project manager is appointed to carry out a feasibility study and present a proposal based on the client's need and organizations' corporate objectives (Indelicato, 2012). Project Definition: When the project is accepted and approved, stakeholders are to be engaged in defining the purpose and deliverables of the project and a proposal for the partnership will be initiated. Project Development: The project management plan being accepted by the various parties is at this moment authorized for development by sponsorship and financing of the costs. Benefits Realization Phase: In this phase, business is initiated with Academy fully commissioned with the commencing of training and skills development programs. Termination Phase: this is a management decision due to prevailing circumstances in the business. When consent has reached the process for termination will be called-up and lessons learned will be shared by key stakeholders before or after the Academy is decommissioned (Jun, Qiuzhen and Qingguo, 2011). Market Research Given the current unemployment in Nigeria, inadequate supply of skilled labor and the ever increasing rate of industrialization in Kaduna State and Nigeria at large there has been a growing need for the government invitation foreign investors for privatization. This is the primary motive for development of modern infrastructures, promote employability and knowledge transfer to citizens (Rezania and Ouedraogo, 2013). SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES NOSA is well reputed for its capability to impart the training courses facilitated to provide the real time experience of the services NOSA has several affiliations with Action Training Academy and MECS Africa and has received accreditation from SANAS NOSA facilitates measurement of standards of performance for sustainability The Kaduna state is a new market to operate, so there are lots of uncertainties The supplier vetting system can be considered as one of the loopholes of NOSA as it also has to be supported by the organization The initial total capital investment for the project may be high to NOSA for funding directly OPPORTUNITIES THREATS There is a probability that the existing renowned business leaders in the Nigerian market may be the client of NOSA Kaduna is a developing state with a growing market as more investors tend to migrate into it NOSA can also withstand by challenging the other investors NOSA can have prospects for providing expertise audit and consultancy services to the multinational firms operating in Nigeria The economic and Political instability in Nigeria possess as the threat to NOSA Competitors who may be intercepting the opportunity with cheaper offers to the public for the same services The risk of the Legislative Government Authority rejecting the proposal of partnership Table 6: SWOT ANALYSIS Project Finance This financial plan is aimed at providing NOSA with a strategic cash flow policy that will ensure higher profitability and operating cash flow to position the capacity development project as a tool for sustainable cash flow in the next five years. Cash-Flow Analysis and Working Capital Management Assumptions: Bank loan will be secured for 100,000.00 short-term overdraft and 450,000.00 long term, repayable in ten years whereas, NOSA and the Kaduna State government will fund the project with 280,000.00 each for the public-private partnership (PPP). A discount rate of 15% was assumed to factor financial issues on risk, inflation, currency fluctuations due to economic and political instability in Nigeria and uncertainties of the supply chain (Ljunggren, Huang and Johansson, 2014). Considerations: Bank loan in the South Africa is currently at 0.5% interest rates Depreciation was calculated considering the life expectancy for Vehicle to be 5-years and life expectancy for Plants and Equipment to be 10-years using the straight-line method The parameters and reporting format of the Financial Plan as shown in Table 8 were adapted from research. Budget The budget for this project is estimated at 950,000.00; distributed to each phase of the project as shown in Table 7 below. Phase Estimated Cost () 1. Concept 17,000.00 2. Project Definition 22,000.00 3. Project Development 470,000.00 4. Benefit Realization Cost (1st Year) 400,000.00 5. Termination 20,000.00 6. Contingency (Cash in hand) 21,000.00 Table 7: Budget FINANCIAL PLAN FOR FIRST FIVE YEARS Initial Investment Plan Capital Expenditure: Fixed Assets Acquisition of Leasing of new capital assets 1,200,000 Computers 120,000 Work table 90,000 Administration and Consultancy Fees 110,000 Office Training Equipment 25,300 Project Training materials 31,250 Labor Costs 15,320 Preliminary expenses 30,000.00 Raw materials 1,400,000 Machinery and Practical equipments 35,000.00 Furniture 15,200.00 Advertisement 31,000.00 Vehicles 20,000.00 Misc. expenses 12,000 3,135,070 Operational Expenditures: OPERATING COSTS Training and development of NOSA staff 225,000.00 Agricultural works 31,000.00 Support technician expense 150,000.00 Clerical support 220,000.00 Costs on software utilization 210,000.00 Maintenance and operation of facility 32,230.00 Legal expenditures 66,220.00 934,450.00 Cash flow before Taxation 6,235,456.30 Tax -25% Cash flow after tax 4,676,592.20 Discount rate 15% Discounted cash flow 7,170,774.75 NPV 7,170,774.80 PBP 2 years Initial cost of investment - 3.15 Table 8: Financial Plan Supply Chain Management Proposed Procurement Route Procurement is a system that adds value to project management when priority is given to the project definition phase by engaging supply chain experts in meaningful dialogue, choosing appropriate procurement routes and identifying and controlling optimism bias in forecasting of the project cost, schedule and scope (Mir and Pinnington, 2014). The choice of procurement route for this project would largely depend on the value of purchases required; thus, for low-value purchases (less than 1000) quotation and purchase orders. Purchasing Mechanisms Since the project is located in an unfamiliar terrain Kaduna State in Nigeria, the most appropriate purchasing mechanism for the procurement of high-value purchases will be through fixed price contract (Molosi, 2011). Contract Management Strategy NOSA has adopted the fixed price contract strategy since the capacity development project located in an unfamiliar terrain with many uncertainties within the political system, economy, security and cultural behaviors. Supply Chain Map A supply chain is the system of the considerable number of people, associations, assets, exercises and innovation included in the creation and offer of an item, from the conveyance of source materials from the supplier to the maker, through to its consequent movement to the end client. The network inventory fragment included with getting the completed item from the manufacturer to the buyer is known as the appropriation channel. Successful supply chains give organizations an upper hand in the commercial center and alleviate dangers connected with securing crude materials and conveying items or administrations. By actualizing store network administration frameworks, organizations are capable diminish waste, overhead expenses and transporting delays scientifically. The essential drawbacks of store network management, or SCM, incorporate intricacy and costs. In light of the various working parts and the innovation included, organizations face great odds for mistakes or oversights with SCM. The innovative framework included in SCM additionally balances a percentage of the apparent worth picked up by its application. Figure 5: Supply Chain Map (Source: Created by Author) The NOSA Capacity Development supply chain map shown in figure 5 is an illustration of the flow of goods and services from the manufacturer to the project (Neal, Hou and Allinson, 2014). Research reveals that there is a great possibility for events far away from a business location to have an impact on the enterprise due to the chain of activities linking the extended supply chain. Legal Legal Issues and Dispute Resolution Techniques Authors reveal that most major projects develop levels of conflicts, disputes, breach of contracts, liabilities and claims at different stages of the project life-cycle about the supply chain. PPP is essentially about applying the private division's aptitudes in specialized and money related danger administration in ways that speak to genuine quality for the general population area. In the framework ventures scene, PPPs are seen as money related models that empower people in the general area to make utilization of private account capital in a way that improves the potential outcomes of both the administration and the privately owned business. The whole PPP structure in Nigeria depends on the standards of accomplishing better esteem and moderate policies. As communicated in the National Policy Document, there are monetary, social and ecological destinations for the selection of PPP model as a system for framework advancement. NIPC gives administrations to concede of business section grants, licenses, approval and motivating forces in a one-stop shop environment. NIPC's One Stop Investment Center offer general data and information on the Nigerian economy to encourage educated venture choices. It encourages post-passage endorsements, licenses and are particular grants with government offices and public counseling administrations on beneficial speculation opportunities in Nigeria incorporating coordinating financial specialists' necessities with circumstances available in the 36 States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory. DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN PROJECT PHASES Project Phases/ Possible Sources of Disputes Resolution Techniques 1. Project Concept: Client insisting on a vague description of the project, unrealistic scope, tight schedule and demand. A subject matter expert should be consulted to illustrate the project goal in a pictorial view, effective work breakdown and cost estimation. 2. Project Definition: Bureaucracy of the in policy and decision-making on the part of the sponsor, client or project manager (Ogunbameru, Mustapha and Idrisa, 2013) Conflicting interest of stakeholders on performance indicators, scope, cost, time and location of the project Perception differences could also cause disputes due to ambiguity in the contract, cultural and language barriers Creating a friendly working relationship and collaborating with stakeholders in project decisions and plotting an active communication media for managing various stakeholders Adequate risk and impact assessment should be carried out with consideration to expert judgment 3. Project Development Design variations or difficulty in the interpretation of the project design could result in dispute Non-conformance to the project commercial and technical specifications may be identified during or after development (Olivares, 2011) Accidental occurrence on site or offsite that involves NOSAs staff or equipment and a third party Negotiate early identification and incorporation of the project team during design and points of dispute on the contract. Expert judgment should be given priority in the definition of the project objectives and deliverables while negotiating terms of the contract. Safety training and awareness should be provided to all staff and visitors within the project premises. 4. Benefit Realization The project may fail to meet set objectives due to prevailing external circumstances or over-optimistic project selection criteria. The contractor should dialogue with the client and the sponsor to ensure the project aligns with the commercial and technical requirements. 5. Termination Phase Contractors who have not been paid for services rendered might take legal actions against the shutdown of the project. The services of an arbitrator could be employed to negotiate between the contractor and the client on how the debt owed will be paid (Petit, 2012). Project Risks and Uncertainties Allowances In as much as it is essential to execute the known risk factors and costs that impact the project in the project plan, it is also worthy of note not to neglect uncertainties; rather plan ways to manage such from the inception of the project (Pearson, 2011). Figure 6: Typology of Uncertainty Factors (Source: Created by Author) 7.2.1. Risk Register: Risk Probability Impact Planned Action/Mitigation of Risks Training Facility environment is unsuitable for the candidates Low High Health and Safety will ensure fitness of the facility in context to environment Permission to embed modern, powerful simulation techniques in the service not granted Medium Medium Feedback indicates that there is requirement for new methods to retain the candidates Failure to maintain the Key Project Staff during the entire timeline of the project Low High Propose the project team to be all in post and give the prescribed time to project Lack of support from key stakeholders Low High Well establishment of stakeholder engagement Unable to work with intended user groups Medium Medium Established commitment to research community and recognition of value Conclusion Given NOSAs intent to extend into new frontiers of business by setting up a training campaign through a partnership with the Kaduna State local government initiatives, this report has reflected on the capabilities and strengths of the company through its corporate profile, its achievements, training packages, market relationship and business strategy for expansion. Additionally, a brief evaluation of the enterprise change has been laid out with illustrations on the stakeholders, their views, roles and responsibilities, interest and potential influence. They may have on the success of the project with a vague communication plan that borders on what level of information is conveyed to individual stakeholders and at what frequency. Furthermore, this report has revealed from the analysis the viability of the project having carried out market research, evaluating the project environment and NOSAs business capacity to take advantage strategically of the well of economic opportunity available within the chosen region. Through investigations into the financial requirements, the report has shown that with an estimated budget of 950,000.00 the project could yield Working Capital Ratios ranging from 1.89 to 4.25 over five years period. Finally, the potential legal issues in each project phase were identified and appropriate dispute resolution techniques were provided. Recommendations Having completed investigations into the achievability of NOSAs quest to expand its business potentials through capacity development, by having a public-private partnership with Nigeria local government initiatives for development of the manpower resources. Within its mass of unemployed youths, improving the project and financial management skills of industry practitioners and apprentices while making profit; it is therefore recommended that: Business organizations intending to explore new areas of profit making ventures, consult industry experts and project manager to carry out thorough research on the commercial integrity of their choice of the project in all elements that has been discussed in this report; thereby securing their value for money and maintaining a good market position among its competitors. 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